ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE
![TOMS: Vol 46, No 1](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
ISSN: 0098-3500
eISSN: 1557-7295
Publisher: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY
Publisher address: 2 PENN PLAZA, STE 701, NEW YORK, USA, NY, 10121-0701
Languages: English
Web of Science Categories: Mathematics, Applied | Computer Science, Software Engineering
ISSN: 0098-3500
eISSN: 1557-7295
Publisher: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY
Languages: English
Web of Science Categories: Mathematics, Applied | Computer Science, Software Engineering